. Toronto Ontario Canada Business directory Core Hamilton 536,917 Development of the Great Lakes following the end of the Last Glacial Period the first human settlers arrived in the area 11,000 to 10,500 years ago as the glaciers retreated from the area Toronto remained under glacial ice throughout the Last Glacial Period with the glacial ice retreating from the area during the Late Glacial warming period approximately 13,000 BCE Following the Last Glacial Period Toronto's waterfront shifted with the growth and later contraction of glacial Lake Iroquois the area saw its first human settlers around 9000 BCE to 8,500 BCE These settlers traversed large distances in family-sized bands sustaining themselves on caribou mammoths mastodons and smaller animals in the tundra and Boreal forest. Many of their archaeological remains lie in present-day Lake Ontario with the historic coastline of Lake Iroquois situated 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Toronto during this period As the climate warmed in 6,000 BCE the environment of Toronto shifted to a temperate climate the Toronto waterfront also changed dramatically during this period with erosion from the Scarborough Bluffs accumulating and rising water levels from Lake Ontario creating a peninsula that would later become the Toronto Islands First Nations settlements. Expansion 1824 150,066 +58.0% 9 Forward Erickson Gallardo Venezuela, A Inconsistency in source data B 1999: Lowest total since 1986 C 2018: Highest total to date In the late 1980s gangs in Toronto were becoming increasingly violent This coincided with the arrival of crack cocaine in the city which caused more gun violence to occur in low-income neighbourhoods in 1988 Toronto Police were under scrutiny for a series of shootings of unarmed black men dating back to the late 1970s in 1991 Toronto experienced its most violent year with 89 murders (that murder tally was surpassed in 2018) 16 of which were linked to drug wars involving rival gangs On May 4 1992 there were riots on Yonge Street which followed peaceful protesting of a fatal shooting of an unarmed black man by Toronto police the eighth such shooting in the last four years and fourth fatal one. Later that year local activist Dudley Laws claimed that police bias against Blacks was worse in Toronto than in Los Angeles Late 1990s.
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